Method › Roles
The eight defined concepts read against the 30 roles of Module 03, in both directions: which roles a function is allocated to, and which functions a role performs. Snapshot 2026-09-07 review snapshot.
A qualified answer carries its legal condition in the cell text; read the text, not the colour. Where the answer is “system”, the automated driving system performs the function and no person is allocated to it.
By function
The response to a performance-relevant system failure or to an exit from the operational design domain: a user performs the DDT, or the user or the automated driving system brings the vehicle to a minimal risk condition, a stable stopped state that reduces crash risk when the trip cannot or should not continue.
| Role | Framework | Fallback / MRM |
|---|---|---|
| DDT fallback-ready user Level 3 fallback-ready user | SAE J3016 | Yes |
| Fallback test driver Prototype ADS fallback test driver | SAE J3018 | Yes |
| In-vehicle fallback test driver (IFTD) In-vehicle prototype fallback test driver | SAE J3018 | Yes |
| Remote fallback test driver Remote prototype fallback test driver | SAE J3018 | Yes |
| Autonomous vehicle test driver / safety driver Safety driver in public-road AV testing | California – DMV testing regime | Yes |
| Driver Human driver | UNECE / 1968 Vienna Convention | Conditional |
| Remote assistance / remote interaction | UNECE ADS work / technical interpretation | Support only |
| Transport service operator Transport / service operator | European Union – Regulation (EU) 2022/1426 | Organisational |
| Remote management Remote management function | European Union – Regulation (EU) 2022/1426 / JRC interpretation | Support |
| User-in-charge User with limited in-vehicle legal duties during self-driving | Great Britain – Automated Vehicles Act 2024 | Transition |
| No-user-in-charge operator (NUIC operator) No-user-in-charge operational entity | Great Britain – Automated Vehicles Act 2024 | Organisational |
| Technische Aufsicht Technical remote supervisor | Germany – StVG / AFGBV | Support |
| Exploitant du système de transport routier automatisé Automated road transport system operator | France – STRA framework | Organisational |
| Personne habilitée à intervenir à distance Authorised remote intervention person | France – STRA / automated-driving framework | Support |
| Operator u vozilu In-vehicle operator during automated operation | Croatia – Road Traffic Safety Act | MRM request |
| Operator intervencije na daljinu Remote intervention operator | Croatia – Road Traffic Safety Act | MRM support |
| Prevádzkovateľ plne automatizovaného vozidla – proposed licence-holder role Licensed fully automated vehicle operator | Slovakia – parliamentary print 1329 (draft) | Organisational |
| Operátor dohľadu Supervision operator | Slovakia – parliamentary print 1329 (draft) | Support |
| Remote driver Remote human driver | SAE J3016 | Possible |
| Manufacturer / autonomous vehicle testing permit holder AV testing permit holder | California – DMV AV program | Organisational |
| Permit holder for trial operation with automated vehicles Automated-vehicle trial permit holder | Sweden – Swedish Transport Agency | Organisational |
| Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE) ADS lifecycle safety entity | Australia – proposed Automated Vehicle Safety Law framework | Lifecycle |
| Specified Automated Operation (SAO) implementer Driverless-operation permission holder | Japan – Road Traffic Act SAO framework | Organisational |
| Specified Automated Operation (SAO) supervisor Remote operational supervisor | Japan – Road Traffic Act SAO framework | Incident response |
| ACMV Pilot Program participant / approval package holder Automated commercial vehicle pilot participant | Ontario, Canada – ACMV Pilot Program | Organisational |
| Assistant Driverless-test oversight assistant | Ontario, Canada – ACMV Pilot Program | Safe-stop support |
5 of 30 roles perform this outright; 21 do so on a qualified basis, and the cell says on what; 1 coded as performed by the system itself.
All real-time operational and tactical functions required to operate a vehicle in on-road traffic: lateral and longitudinal motion control, object and event detection and response, and manoeuvre planning.
| Role | Framework | DDT |
|---|---|---|
| Driver Human driver | UNECE / 1968 Vienna Convention | Yes |
| Remote driver Remote human driver | SAE J3016 | Yes |
| DDT fallback-ready user Level 3 fallback-ready user | SAE J3016 | After takeover |
| Fallback test driver Prototype ADS fallback test driver | SAE J3018 | Conditional |
| In-vehicle fallback test driver (IFTD) In-vehicle prototype fallback test driver | SAE J3018 | After takeover |
| Remote fallback test driver Remote prototype fallback test driver | SAE J3018 | Possible during fa… |
| Autonomous vehicle test driver / safety driver Safety driver in public-road AV testing | California – DMV testing regime | Conditional |
2 of 30 roles perform this outright; 5 do so on a qualified basis, and the cell says on what; 1 coded as performed by the system itself.
Event-driven provision, by a remotely located human, of information or advice to an ADS-equipped vehicle in driverless operation so that the trip can continue when the automated driving system meets a situation it cannot manage.
| Role | Framework | Remote assistance |
|---|---|---|
| Remote assistance / remote interaction | UNECE ADS work / technical interpretation | Yes |
| Remote management Remote management function | European Union – Regulation (EU) 2022/1426 / JRC interpretation | Yes |
| Technische Aufsicht Technical remote supervisor | Germany – StVG / AFGBV | Yes |
| Personne habilitée à intervenir à distance Authorised remote intervention person | France – STRA / automated-driving framework | Yes |
| Operator intervencije na daljinu Remote intervention operator | Croatia – Road Traffic Safety Act | Yes |
| Specified Automated Operation (SAO) supervisor Remote operational supervisor | Japan – Road Traffic Act SAO framework | Yes |
| Assistant Driverless-test oversight assistant | Ontario, Canada – ACMV Pilot Program | Yes |
| Automated driving system satisfying Article 34 bis conditions ADS as functional substitute for driver requirement | UNECE / 1968 Vienna Convention | Possible interface |
| Transport service operator Transport / service operator | European Union – Regulation (EU) 2022/1426 | Arranged |
| Authorised self-driving entity (ASDE) Authorised self-driving entity / ADS legal-responsibility entity | Great Britain – Automated Vehicles Act 2024 | Possible |
| No-user-in-charge operator (NUIC operator) No-user-in-charge operational entity | Great Britain – Automated Vehicles Act 2024 | Arranged |
| Exploitant du système de transport routier automatisé Automated road transport system operator | France – STRA framework | Arranged |
| Prevádzkovateľ plne automatizovaného vozidla – proposed licence-holder role Licensed fully automated vehicle operator | Slovakia – parliamentary print 1329 (draft) | Arranged |
| Operátor dohľadu Supervision operator | Slovakia – parliamentary print 1329 (draft) | Possible |
| Dispatcher Trip-dispatch / strategic user | SAE J3016 | Possible |
| Fallback test driver Prototype ADS fallback test driver | SAE J3018 | Possible |
| Manufacturer / autonomous vehicle testing permit holder AV testing permit holder | California – DMV AV program | Arranged |
| Permit holder for trial operation with automated vehicles Automated-vehicle trial permit holder | Sweden – Swedish Transport Agency | Arranged |
| Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE) ADS lifecycle safety entity | Australia – proposed Automated Vehicle Safety Law framework | Arranged |
| Specified Automated Operation (SAO) implementer Driverless-operation permission holder | Japan – Road Traffic Act SAO framework | Arranged |
| ACMV Pilot Program participant / approval package holder Automated commercial vehicle pilot participant | Ontario, Canada – ACMV Pilot Program | Arranged |
7 of 30 roles perform this outright; 14 do so on a qualified basis, and the cell says on what.
Real-time performance of part or all of the DDT or the DDT fallback, including braking, steering and acceleration, by a remote driver who completes the object and event detection and response and may overrule the automated driving system.
| Role | Framework | Remote driving |
|---|---|---|
| Remote driver Remote human driver | SAE J3016 | Yes |
| Technische Aufsicht Technical remote supervisor | Germany – StVG / AFGBV | Near-field takeove… |
| Prevádzkovateľ plne automatizovaného vozidla – proposed licence-holder role Licensed fully automated vehicle operator | Slovakia – parliamentary print 1329 (draft) | Arranged if remote… |
| Operátor dohľadu Supervision operator | Slovakia – parliamentary print 1329 (draft) | Potential boundary |
| Fallback test driver Prototype ADS fallback test driver | SAE J3018 | Possible |
| Remote fallback test driver Remote prototype fallback test driver | SAE J3018 | Potentially yes |
| Permit holder for trial operation with automated vehicles Automated-vehicle trial permit holder | Sweden – Swedish Transport Agency | Possible by permit… |
1 of 30 roles perform this outright; 6 do so on a qualified basis, and the cell says on what.
Discrete commands issued from outside the vehicle that change its behaviour, such as requesting a minimal risk manoeuvre, confirming or releasing a manoeuvre, rerouting, resuming the trip or controlling doors, while the automated driving system continues to perform the DDT.
| Role | Framework | Remote intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Remote management Remote management function | European Union – Regulation (EU) 2022/1426 / JRC interpretation | Yes |
| Personne habilitée à intervenir à distance Authorised remote intervention person | France – STRA / automated-driving framework | Yes |
| Operator intervencije na daljinu Remote intervention operator | Croatia – Road Traffic Safety Act | Yes |
| Remote driver Remote human driver | SAE J3016 | Yes – direct |
| Automated driving system satisfying Article 34 bis conditions ADS as functional substitute for driver requirement | UNECE / 1968 Vienna Convention | Possible interface |
| Remote assistance / remote interaction | UNECE ADS work / technical interpretation | Limited |
| Transport service operator Transport / service operator | European Union – Regulation (EU) 2022/1426 | Arranged |
| Authorised self-driving entity (ASDE) Authorised self-driving entity / ADS legal-responsibility entity | Great Britain – Automated Vehicles Act 2024 | Possible |
| No-user-in-charge operator (NUIC operator) No-user-in-charge operational entity | Great Britain – Automated Vehicles Act 2024 | Arranged |
| Technische Aufsicht Technical remote supervisor | Germany – StVG / AFGBV | Legally constrained |
| Exploitant du système de transport routier automatisé Automated road transport system operator | France – STRA framework | Arranged |
| Prevádzkovateľ plne automatizovaného vozidla – proposed licence-holder role Licensed fully automated vehicle operator | Slovakia – parliamentary print 1329 (draft) | Arranged |
| Operátor dohľadu Supervision operator | Slovakia – parliamentary print 1329 (draft) | Possible |
| Fallback test driver Prototype ADS fallback test driver | SAE J3018 | Possible |
| Remote fallback test driver Remote prototype fallback test driver | SAE J3018 | Direct fallback |
| Manufacturer / autonomous vehicle testing permit holder AV testing permit holder | California – DMV AV program | Arranged |
| Permit holder for trial operation with automated vehicles Automated-vehicle trial permit holder | Sweden – Swedish Transport Agency | Arranged |
| Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE) ADS lifecycle safety entity | Australia – proposed Automated Vehicle Safety Law framework | Arranged |
| Specified Automated Operation (SAO) implementer Driverless-operation permission holder | Japan – Road Traffic Act SAO framework | Arranged |
| Specified Automated Operation (SAO) supervisor Remote operational supervisor | Japan – Road Traffic Act SAO framework | Limited |
| ACMV Pilot Program participant / approval package holder Automated commercial vehicle pilot participant | Ontario, Canada – ACMV Pilot Program | Arranged |
| Assistant Driverless-test oversight assistant | Ontario, Canada – ACMV Pilot Program | Limited exceptional |
4 of 30 roles perform this outright; 18 do so on a qualified basis, and the cell says on what.
A natural person outside the vehicle who monitors autonomous operation and may deactivate the system, release or request manoeuvres and respond to incidents, without continuously performing the DDT.
| Role | Framework | Monitoring / supervision |
|---|---|---|
| Driver Human driver | UNECE / 1968 Vienna Convention | Yes |
| Remote assistance / remote interaction | UNECE ADS work / technical interpretation | Yes |
| Remote management Remote management function | European Union – Regulation (EU) 2022/1426 / JRC interpretation | Yes |
| Technische Aufsicht Technical remote supervisor | Germany – StVG / AFGBV | Yes |
| Personne habilitée à intervenir à distance Authorised remote intervention person | France – STRA / automated-driving framework | Yes |
| Operator u vozilu In-vehicle operator during automated operation | Croatia – Road Traffic Safety Act | Yes |
| Operator intervencije na daljinu Remote intervention operator | Croatia – Road Traffic Safety Act | Yes |
| Operátor dohľadu Supervision operator | Slovakia – parliamentary print 1329 (draft) | Yes |
| Remote driver Remote human driver | SAE J3016 | Yes |
| Fallback test driver Prototype ADS fallback test driver | SAE J3018 | Yes |
| In-vehicle fallback test driver (IFTD) In-vehicle prototype fallback test driver | SAE J3018 | Yes |
| Remote fallback test driver Remote prototype fallback test driver | SAE J3018 | Yes |
| Autonomous vehicle test driver / safety driver Safety driver in public-road AV testing | California – DMV testing regime | Yes |
| Specified Automated Operation (SAO) supervisor Remote operational supervisor | Japan – Road Traffic Act SAO framework | Yes |
| Assistant Driverless-test oversight assistant | Ontario, Canada – ACMV Pilot Program | Yes |
| Transport service operator Transport / service operator | European Union – Regulation (EU) 2022/1426 | Entity-level |
| Authorised self-driving entity (ASDE) Authorised self-driving entity / ADS legal-responsibility entity | Great Britain – Automated Vehicles Act 2024 | Entity-level |
| User-in-charge User with limited in-vehicle legal duties during self-driving | Great Britain – Automated Vehicles Act 2024 | Readiness duties |
| No-user-in-charge operator (NUIC operator) No-user-in-charge operational entity | Great Britain – Automated Vehicles Act 2024 | Entity-level |
| Exploitant du système de transport routier automatisé Automated road transport system operator | France – STRA framework | Entity-level |
| Prevádzkovateľ plne automatizovaného vozidla – proposed licence-holder role Licensed fully automated vehicle operator | Slovakia – parliamentary print 1329 (draft) | Entity-level |
| DDT fallback-ready user Level 3 fallback-ready user | SAE J3016 | Readiness |
| Manufacturer / autonomous vehicle testing permit holder AV testing permit holder | California – DMV AV program | Entity-level |
| Permit holder for trial operation with automated vehicles Automated-vehicle trial permit holder | Sweden – Swedish Transport Agency | Entity-level |
| Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE) ADS lifecycle safety entity | Australia – proposed Automated Vehicle Safety Law framework | Entity-level |
| Specified Automated Operation (SAO) implementer Driverless-operation permission holder | Japan – Road Traffic Act SAO framework | Entity-level |
| ACMV Pilot Program participant / approval package holder Automated commercial vehicle pilot participant | Ontario, Canada – ACMV Pilot Program | Entity-level |
| Vlasnik potpuno automatiziranog vozila Vehicle owner as statutory responsibility holder | Croatia – Road Traffic Safety Act | Organisational – v… |
15 of 30 roles perform this outright; 13 do so on a qualified basis, and the cell says on what; 1 coded as performed by the system itself.
By role
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Dynamic driving task (DDT) · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: Remote assistance · Remote intervention
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: Remote assistance · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote driving · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote driving · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote driving · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Dynamic driving task (DDT) · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Dynamic driving task (DDT) · Remote driving · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: Remote assistance
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Dynamic driving task (DDT) · Remote assistance · Remote driving · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Dynamic driving task (DDT) · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Dynamic driving task (DDT) · Remote driving · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Dynamic driving task (DDT) · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote driving · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Concepts: DDT fallback and minimal risk condition · Remote assistance · Remote intervention · Technical supervision (remote supervisor)
Where this comes from
Definitions from the concept register, allocations from Module 03 snapshot 2026-09-07. Nothing is stated here that is not coded there; this page only reads the same data by function instead of by row.